Wearable electroencephalography (EEG) has the potential to improve everyday life through brain–computer interfaces (BCI) for applications such as sleep improvement, adaptive hearing aids, or thought-based digital device control.

Ear-centered EEG has been validated in a range of studies:

• Debener et al. 2015: ERP and P300 data obtained via unobtrusive ambulatory EEG using a smartphone and cEEGrid
• Bleichner and Debener 2017: cEEGrid enables the recording of meaningful continuous EEG, event-related potentials and neural oscillations
• Holtze et al. 2022: Ear-EEG via mobile cEEGrid comparable to traditional high-density EEG caps for measurement of auditory attention to continuous speech

Scientific validation of OpenBCI bio-amplifiers with ear-centered EEG:

• Knierim et al. 2025: Exploring Flow in Real-World Knowledge Work Using Discreet cEEGrid Sensors
• Knierim et al. 2023: A Systematic Comparison of High-End and Low-Cost EEG Amplifiers for Concealed, Around-the-Ear EEG Recordings
• Knierim et al. 2022: Reliable detection of jaw clenching events
• Knierim et al. 2021: Open-source concealed EEG data collection for BCI

cEEGrids for sleep stage classification research:

• C.J. de Gans et al. 2024: Sleep assessment using EEG-based wearables – A systematic review
• Huy Phan et al. 2023: L-SeqSleepNet: Whole-cycle Long Sequence Modeling for Automatic Sleep Staging

Information on recording suitability: Kurniawan et al. 2022 highlights lower impedance of gold (Au) electrodes in the 1-1000Hz region than Ag/AgCl. Gold electrodes are suitable for biosignal recordings like EEG.

At the same time, gold electrodes are known to polarize, which can complicate ERP recordings. Therefore, the gold-plated Open-cEEGrids are recommended for oscillatory EEG (frequency band power) and ECG, EOG, and EMG recordings instead of ERP.

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OpenBCI products are not medical devices nor are they intended for medical diagnosis and are provided to you "as is," and we make no express or implied warranties whatsoever with respect to its functionality, operability, or use, including, without limitation, any implied warranties, fitness for a particular purpose, or infringement. We expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any direct, indirect, consequential, incidental or special damages, including, without limitation, lost revenues, lost profits, losses resulting from business interruption or loss of data, regardless of the form of action or legal theory under which the liability may be asserted, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

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